Case Study
Capital Budgeting Analysis of a Vertically Integrated Egg Firm: Conventional and Cage-Free Egg Production
Carlos J.O. Trejo-Pech(a) and Susan White(b)
(a)University of Tennessee at Knoxville, (b)University of Maryland
JEL Codes: G30, G31, M21
Keywords: Agribusiness finance, cage-free eggs, capital budgeting, corporate finance, strategic management
Publish Date: September 23, 2020
Volume 2, Issue 4
View Full Article (PDF) | Request Teaching Notes/Supplemental Materials
Abstract
This case features a financial analyst building a capital budgeting model of a stylized vertically integrated egg firm. The case describes the egg industry and the role played by large firms, and highlights the potential for continuing fast growth of cage-free eggs in the near future. Cage-free eggs may grow rapidly at the expense of conventional eggs because of (1) recent regulation requiring producers to switch from conventional to cage-free production, and (2) pledges by large egg buyers such as McDonalds, Starbucks, Walmart, and more than 200 restaurants and supermarkets, to buy cage-free only products by 2025. The case discusses how investment, production, and financial statement parameters are collected and assembled by the analyst to prepare a capital budgeting model, which might be used to evaluate the financial performance of an egg firm managing a portfolio of conventional and cage-free eggs. The reader is challenged to analyze how investment, leverage, and profitability may change under two hypothetical investment policies. A quick-investment policy would capture a scenario on which the cage-free market grows quickly in the following years and therefore the egg firm would invest aggressively in cage-free facilities, in sync with the market. A second investment policy captures a slower cage-free growth scenario.
References
American Egg Board. 2020. “Shell Egg Distribution. Number of 30 Dozen Cases in Millions.” https://www.aeb.org/farmers-and-marketers/industry-overview.
Bir, C., N.M. Thompson, W.E. Tyner, J. Hu, and N.J.O. Widmar. 2018. “‘Cracking’ into the Debate about Laying Hen Housing.” Poultry Science 97 (5):1595–1604. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey017.
Coalition for Sustainable Eggs Supply. 2015. “Laying Hen Housing Research Project.” http://www2.sustainableeggcoalition.org/final-results.
Egg Industry Center. 2019. “U.S. Flock Trends and Projections.” Egg Industry Center, no. December 5, 2019:1–19.
Gelles, D. 2016. “Clearing the Cages, but Maybe Not the Conscience: A Shift to Cage-Free Eggs May Have Unintended Health Effects on Hens and Their Keepers.” The New York Times, July 17, 2016.
Ibarburu, M. 2019. “The Cost of Cage-Free Transition and Proposition 12 to Producers and Consumers.” In 11th Annual Egg Industry Issues Forum. Kansas City, MO. https://www.eggindustrycenter.org/media/cms/Ibarburu_Prop12CostCF_800E51D54CF3D.pdf.
IBISWorld. 2019. “Cracked up: Rising Egg Consumption Will Be Offset by Declining Egg Prices.” 11231. IBISWorld Industry Report. http://tinyurl.com/yb5aa6do.
Kesmodel, D. 2015. “Flap Over Eggs: Whether to Go ‘Cage-Free.’” The Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2015, sec. Business and Technology.
KPMG. 2018. “Corporate Tax Rates Table—KPMG Global.” KPMG. February 23, 2018. https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/services/tax/tax-tools-and-resources/tax-rates-online/corporate-tax-rates- table.html.
Lake Research Partners. 2016. “Results from a Recent Survey of American Consumers.” Washington, DC. https://www.aspca.org/sites/default/files/publicmemo_aspca_labeling_fi_rev1_0629716.pdf.
Lusk, J. 2019. “Consumer Preferences for Cage-Free Eggs and Impacts of Retailer Pledges.” Agribusiness: An International Journal 35(2):129–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21580.
Markets Insider. 2017. “Cage-Free Egg Pledges Yielding to Market Reality Cage-Free Egg Pledges Yielding to Market Reality.” https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/cage-free-egg-pledges-yielding-to-market-reality-1011562632.
STATISTA. 2016. “Consumers’ Assumptions Regarding Different Farm Animal Welfare Phrases on the Food Products in the United States as of 2016.” https://www.statista.com/study/25524/egg-industry-statista-dossier/.
———. 2020. “Dossier: Egg Industry.” https://www.statista.com/study/25524/egg-industry-statista-dossier/.
Toffel, M., and S. Van Sice. 2013. “The Cage-Free Egg Movement.” Harvard Business School Publishing 9-611–022.
Trejo-Pech, C., and J. Thompson. 2020. “Discounted Cash Flow Valuation of Conventional and Cage-Free Production Valuation." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. In Press.
United Egg Producers. 2017. “Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg-Laying Flocks. Guidelines for Cage-Free Housing.” https://uepcertified.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/CF-UEP-Guidelines_17-3.pdf.
———. 2020. “U.S. Egg Production and Hen Population.” United Egg Producers d/b/a Farmers of America.
https://unitedegg.com/facts-stats/#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20has%20340%20million,produces%20294%20eggs%20per%20year.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2020. “Daily Treasury Long Term Rate Data.” https://www.bls.gov/cpi/.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service Farm Service Agency. 2020. “World Agricultural Supply and
Demand Estimates.” WASDE-600. Office of the Chief Economist. https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/wasde0520.pdf.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2020. “Chickens and Eggs 2019 Summary.” February 2020:1–65.
Wong, V. 2017. “Egg Makers Are Freaked Out by the Cage-Free Future.” CNBC. March 22, 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/22/egg-makers-are-freaked-out-by-the-cage-free-future.html.
Articles in this issue
Following Along or Falling Behind? An Analysis of Internet Access During Lab-Based University Classes
Timothy Delbridge, and Xiaowei Cai
Developing R Shiny Web Applications for Extension Education
A Fire Sale for an Incombustible Commodity: Entry and Exit in the Helium Market
Katherine Lacy, Elliott Parker, Olga Shapoval, and Todd Sørensen
Capital Budgeting Analysis of a Vertically Integrated Egg Firm: Conventional and Cage-Free Egg Production
Carlos J.O. Trejo-Pech and Susan White
A Commentary on Extension Education Programming: An Overview of the CattleTrace Extension Program and Graduate Extension Education
Hannah E. Shear
Curating Campus Support Resources to Provide Easy Access for All Students
Kristin Kiesel, Bwalya Lungu, and Mark Wilson