Case Study
Consolidation in the Farm Credit System: The Case of AgCountry and United
Erik D Hanson
North Dakota State University
JEL Codes: Q13, Q14
Keywords: Agricultural finance, agricultural lending, consolidation, Farm Credit System, merger
Publish Date: December 18, 2020
Volume 2, Issue 6
View Full Article (PDF) | Request Teaching Notes/Supplemental Materials
Abstract
Agricultural lenders provide an important service in America’s agricultural economy. In recent years, consolidation has occurred in many aspects of agriculture, including agricultural lending. This educational case study examines consolidation in the Farm Credit System (FCS), which is a system of cooperatively owned agricultural lending associations. The merger between AgCountry Farm Credit Services and United FCS illustrates some drivers of consolidation in the Farm Credit System and provides opportunities to consider the advantages and disadvantages of a merger. The perspectives of the associations’ leaders, member-owners, and employees are explored, allowing students to offer tactical and strategic advice to these stakeholders. This case study is intended for undergraduate students taking courses in agricultural finance, agricultural lending, or cooperatives.
References
AgCountry Farm Credit Services. 2017. 2016 Annual Report. https://www.agcountry.com//media/AgCountry/Files/Files%20to%20Download/Stockholder%20Reports/AgCount ry2017AnnualReport.ashx?la=en.
American Bankers Association. 2019. “Top 100 Agricultural Banks by Dollar Volume.” Dec. 4. https://www.aba.com/news-research/research-analysis/top-100-agricultural-banks-by-dollar-volume.
Barry, P., and Ellinger, P. 2012. Financial Management in Agriculture. (Boston: Prentice Hall).
Boland, M., J. Hogeland, and G. McKee. 2011. “Current Issues in Strategy for Agricultural Cooperatives.” Choices 26, no. 3 (2011).
Briggeman, B. C., C. A. Towe, and M. J. Morehart. 2009. “Credit Constraints: Their Existence, Determinants, and Implications for US Farm and Nonfarm Sole Proprietorships.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91, no. 1 (2009): 275–289.
Bunge, J., and K. Maltais. 2019. “Farmers in Crisis Turn to High-Interest Loans as Banks Pull Back.” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 10.
Dang, T., D. Leatham, B. A. McCarl, and X. Wu. 2014. “Measuring the Efficiency of the Farm Credit System.” Agricultural Finance Review 74, no. 1 (2014): 38–54.
Dodson, C. B., and S. R. Koenig. 2004. “Competition in Farm Credit Markets: Identifying Market Segments Served by the Farm Credit System and Commercial Banks.” Agricultural Finance Review 64, no. 2 (2004): 167–186.
Farm Credit Administration. 2014. “2013 Annual Report.” https://www.fca.gov/template-fca/download/AnnualReports/2013AnnualReport.pdf.
Farm Credit Administration. 2019a. 2018 Annual Report of the Farm Credit Administration. https://www.fca.gov/template-fca/about/2018AnnualReport.pdf.
Farm Credit Administration. 2019b. “History of FCA.” https://www.fca.gov/about/history-of-fca.
Farm Credit Administration. 2020a. “FCS Directory & Map.” https://www.fca.gov/bank-oversight/fcs-directory-map.
Farm Credit Administration. 2020b. “FCS Institution Directory.” https://apps.fca.gov/FCSPublicDirectory/.
Featherstone, A. M. 2017. “Financing a Changing Agricultural and Rural Landscape.” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review (2017): 61–83.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. n.d. “Historical Bank Data.” Accessed Feb. 24, 2020.=https://banks.data.fdic.gov/explore/historical/.
Freshwater, D. 1997. “Competition and Consolidation in the Farm Credit System.” Review of Agricultural Economics 19, no. 1 (1997): 219–227.
Kavanagh, M. H., and N. M. Ashkanasy. 2006. “The Impact of Leadership and Change Management Strategy on Organizational Culture and Individual Acceptance of Change During a Merger.” British Journal of Management 17, no. 1 (2006): 81–103.
Kotter, J. P. 1995. “Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail.” Harvard Business Review 73, no. 2 (1995): 59–67.
Kovner, A., J. Vickery, and L. Zhou. 2014. “Do Big Banks Have Lower Operating Costs?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Review (2014): 1–27.
Kowalik, M., T. Davig, C. S. Morris, and K. Regehr. 2015. “Bank Consolidation and Merger Activity Following the Crisis.” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review (2015): 31–49.
MacDonald, J. M., R.A. Hoppe, and D. Newton. 2018. “Three Decades of Consolidation in US Agriculture.” United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/88057/eib-189.pdf?v=0. Meersman, T. 2017. “AgStar Merger Creating One of Nation's Largest Farm Credit Associations.” Minneapolis Star Tribune,April 22.
Nadolnyak, D., X. Shen, and V. Hartarska. 2017. “Farm Income and Output and Lending by the Farm Credit System.” Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 1 (2017): 125–136.
Nahavandi, A., and A.R. Malekzadeh. 1988. “Acculturation in Mergers and Acquisitions. Academy of Management Review 13, no. 1 (1988):79–90.
United FCS. 2017. 2016 Annual Report. https://www.agcountry.com/- /media/AgCountry/Files/File%20to%20Download/Stockholder%20Reports/United%20Annual%20Report-2016.ashx?la=en.
U.S. 2020. Department of Agriculture. “Farm Income and Wealth Statistics.” Feb. 5. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data- products/farm-income-and-wealth-statistics/.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development. 2018. “Agricultural Cooperative Statistics 2017.” https://www.rd.usda.gov/files/publications/SR81_CooperativeStatistics2018.pdf.
Vinje, E. 2017. “Farm Credit Associations Officially Merge.” AgWeek. July 6. https://www.agweek.com/news/4293631-farm-credit-associations-officially-merge.
Wheelock, D. C., and P. W. Wilson. 2018. “The Evolution of Scale Economies in US Banking.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 33, no. 1 (2018): 16–28.
Witte, T., E. A. DeVuyst, B. Whitacre, and R. Jones. 2015. “Modeling the Impact of Distance between Offices and Borrowers on Agricultural Loan Volume.” Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 4 (2015): 484–498.
Articles in this issue
Evaluation of Learning Outcomes from Participation in a Student-Managed Commodity Investment Fund
A. Ford Ramsey and Olga Isengildina-Massa
Educating the Next Generation of Interdisciplinary Researchers to Tackle Global Sustainability Challenges: A Graduate CourseÂ
Thomas W. Hertel
Teaching about Diversity and Racism in Food Systems: An Example for Agricultural Economics and Related Departments
Jane Kolodinsky, Daniel Tobin
Flipping Together: A Collaborative Approach to a Flipped Class
Kasee L. Smith, Aaron J. Johnson, and Dain R. Johnson
Consolidation in the Farm Credit System: The Case of AgCountry and United
Erik D Hanson